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the arab empire as kharaj. [ ] in the ottoman empire , kharaj evolved into haraç , a form of poll tax on non-muslim subjects. it was superseded by cizye .[ citation needed ] notes[ edit ] ^ böwering, gerhard, ed. ( ). the princeton encyclopedia of islamic political thought . princeton university press
(ed.). islam and development: religion and sociopolitical change (syracuse, ny, syracuse university press, ) gaudefroy-demombynes, maurice (tr. john p. macgregor). muslim institutions (london, allen & unwin, ) hourani, albert , a history of the arab peoples (cambridge, ma : belknap-harvard university...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharaj