deposition. in physical vapour deposition (pvd), the material is vaporised by heat in a furnace or by pulsed lasers. the vapour is then condensed on a cool surface. for example, single-wall carbon nanotubes can be prepared by vaporising a carbon target in a furnace at about k using a laser and allowing...
operating with direct-contact feed heaters, must be arranged below the water level as the static head of water is the only force available to cause the water to flow into the pump, because the water and the steam on the surface are at the same temperature. before liquid can flow into a pump, the air or vapour...